Comprehensive list of references in Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas

The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas is the fifth novel by Machado de Assis and a towering classic in Brazilian literature. It’s innovative style—a posthumously written autobiography interspersed with philosophical musings and anecdotes—baffled the readers and critics of its time.

Against the backdrop of the socio-economic elite from Rio de Janeiro of the 19th century, the narrative explores universal themes such as vanity, hypocrisy, and ambition, showcasing Machado's unique insight into the human condition. It brims with literary and historical references, too numerous to detail in my translation's margins without cluttering Machado’s original prose.

This is why I chose to write this page for a more comprehensive exploration of the numerous references in this marvelous book. I tried to be as exhaustive as possible, but I can’t guarantee I got everything. If you think I missed something, don’t hesitate to get in touch.

Before you dive into the intricate web of connections woven by Brás Cubas, I must leave my thanks to the website Machadodeassis.net, without whose resources this page, and indeed, my translation itself, would not have been possible.

PROLOGUE

Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas: The title of the novel references "Memoirs from Beyond the Tomb," an autobiographical work by the French Romantic author René de Chateaubriand (1768-1848). Brás Cubas is named after a Portuguese colonizer who founded the town of Santos around 1543.

Revista Brasileira: The Revista Brasileira was a magazine that circulated intermittently in Rio de Janeiro starting in 1855.

Capistrano de Abreu: João Capistrano de Abreu (1853-1927) was born in the Brazilian state Ceará. In Rio de Janeiro, he devoted himself to journalism, writing for the Gazeta de Notícias, where Machado de Assis also frequently published. He taught at Colégio Pedro II, and was a researcher and author of "History of Brazil." He was a close friend of Machado de Assis.

Marcelo Soares: Antônio Joaquim de Macedo Soares (1838-1905), a judge and writer, was a friend of Machado de Assis.

Travel in My Homeland: The novel "Viagens na minha terra" by Portuguese author Almeida Garrett (1799-1854) was published in 1846 and is considered highly influential in the development of the writer Machado de Assis, who greatly admired its author.

Sterne: Laurence Sterne (1713-1768) was a British writer, born in Ireland. He served as a clergyman in the Anglican Church and authored two works that greatly influenced his contemporaries and future generations: "The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman" and "A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy".

Xavier de Maistre: A French writer from Savoy in France, best known for his novel "Voyage autour de ma chambre" (Journey Around My Room), published in 1794.

TO THE READER

Stendahl: The pen name of Henri Beyle (1783-1842), a French novelist best known for his novels "Le Rouge et le Noir" (The Red and the Black, 1830) and "La Chartreuse de Parme" (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839). He is considered one of the greatest Western novelists, particularly valued for his insightful psychological analysis of his characters. Stendhal is regarded as one of the early and foremost figures in Realism.

Xavier de Maistre: A French writer from Savoy in France, best known for his novel "Voyage autour de ma chambre" (Journey Around My Room), published in 1794.

1 - DEATH OF THE AUTHOR

Moses and the Pentateuch: The Pentateuch includes the first five books of the Hebrew Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Its authorship is attributed to Moses, whose death is recounted in the last book, Deuteronomy 34: 5-8.

Catumbi: A neighborhood in the central area of Rio de Janeiro, located between Santa Teresa, Estácio, Cidade Nova, and Rio Comprido. As one of the city's oldest neighborhoods, it featured both grand estates and the homes and businesses of the lower middle class.

Jesus?: Brás Cubas dies on a Friday, accompanied by eleven friends, and because of a grand and useful idea. Oh, and he obviously resurrects to write these memoirs. Can’t be a coincidence, can it?

Hamlet’s undiscovered country: This refers to this verse of Shakespeare’s famous play: "The undiscovered country, from whose bourn / No traveller returns (...)"

Storks of Ilissos: The journey of the storks from the Ilissos (an ancient river that flowed through Athens) to North Africa, as depicted in Rene Chateaubriand's (1768-1848) book "Itinerary from Paris to Jerusalem" (1811).

2 - THE PATCH

Decipher me or be devoured: This alludes to the myth of the Sphinx in Greek mythology, who posed a lethal riddle to passersby. Failure to solve the riddle resulted in death. Oedipus famously solved her riddle, leading to the Sphinx's own destruction.

Hypochondria: In the 19th century, “hypochondria” referred to a disorder involving both physical and psychological symptoms. In literature, it was often depicted as a pervasive, melancholic discontent with life, an affliction of the neurotic upper class.

Terço: The tercio, which translates to “third” in Spanish, served as a critical segment of the Spanish Army’s elite forces under the rule of the Catholic monarchs, and later, the Spanish Habsburgs. These units were central to the might of the Spanish Empire’s land forces during the early modern era. Late in the sixteenth century, the Portuguese Army integrated the tercio into its ranks. However, by the end of the seventeenth century, the use of tercios had gradually declined and eventually stopped.

3 - GENEALOGY

Coimbra: The University of Coimbra, one of the oldest universities in the world, was a central educational institution for Portuguese colonies. To maintain control over the intellectual development of the local elites, Portugal did not establish universities in its colonies. Consequently, members of the upper class who sought higher education for their sons typically sent them to universities in Portugal, such as Coimbra.

Count da Cunha: The title of Count da Cunha was bestowed upon António Álvares da Cunha (1700–1791), who was the first Viceroy of Brazil to administer the colony from Rio de Janeiro. His governance lasted from 1763 to 1767.

African Campaigns: The military conflicts between Christian Portuguese forces and Muslim Moors in North Africa. Initially focused on territorial skirmishes, these conflicts gradually extended into slave raiding activities as part of the broader Portuguese engagement in the transatlantic slave trade.

Chief Captain Brás Cubas: Around 1540, this Portuguese explorer founded the settlement of Santos. He would later govern the province (or “captaincy”) of São Vincente in colonial Brazil.

4 - THE IDÉE FIXE

Cavour: Camillo Benso (1810-1861), Count of Cavour, was a leading figure in the Italian Risorgimento, the movement responsible for the unification of Italy. Serving as the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Cavour was instrumental in maneuvering diplomatic and political landscapes to achieve unification under the Savoy monarchy, primarily through strategic alliances and wars orchestrated with France against the Austrian Empire. His policies also fostered economic modernization and liberal reforms. Cavour's legacy as a shrewd politician and statesman remains central to Italian history.

Bismarck: Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) was a Prussian and German statesman, serving as the Prime Minister of Prussia and later the first Chancellor of the German Empire. Nicknamed the "Iron Chancellor," Bismarck is best known for his role in the unification of Germany through a series of wars and diplomatic strategies, including the manipulation of complex alliances and political incidents. His Realpolitik, or realistic politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations, established a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. Bismarck's legacy includes not only German unification but also the implementation of the modern welfare state. And in contrast to Camillo Benso, he was still alive when Brás Cubas’ Memoirs were published.

Suetonius: Suetonius (69-c141) was a Roman historian and biographer best known for his work "De Vita Caesarum" (The Lives of the Caesars), which provides detailed accounts of the lives of the first twelve Roman emperors, from Julius Caesar to Domitian.

Cladius: Emperor Claudius reigned as the Roman Emperor from 41 to 54 CE. Overlooked initially due to his perceived disabilities and eccentricities, Claudius proved to be an effective ruler upon his ascension after Caligula's assassination. His reign was marked by significant administrative reforms, expansion of the empire through the conquest of Britannia, and a focus on public works. Claudius was also known for his scholarly pursuits and efforts to stabilize the empire through legal and bureaucratic measures. Despite his achievements, his reign faced challenges, including familial intrigue and political machinations, which ultimately led to his assassination.

Seneca’s pumpkinhead: Seneca's "Apocolocyntosis Divi Claudii" (The Pumpkinification of the Divine Claudius) is a Menippean satire that lampoons the deification of the Roman Emperor Claudius after his death. Written shortly after Claudius' demise in 54 CE, the work uses humor, irony, and absurdity to critique the emperor's mannerisms, decisions, and the broader practice of declaring deceased emperors as gods.

Titus: Emperor Titus reigned as the Roman Emperor from 79 to 81 CE. He was the eldest son of Emperor Vespasian, and his brief rule followed the foundational period of the Flavian dynasty. Known for his affable nature and effective governance, Titus completed the Colosseum and responded decisively to the crises of the Mount Vesuvius eruption in 79 CE and a fire in Rome the following year. Titus was popular among the Roman populace and was deified by the Senate shortly after his death, reflecting his positive reputation as a benevolent and capable leader.

Madame Lucrezia: Lucrezia Borgia (1480-1519) was an Italian noblewoman from the notorious House of Borgia and the illegitimate daughter of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei. She served as the governor of Spoleto, a role traditionally held by cardinals, demonstrating her unusual influence in political affairs typically dominated by men. Infamous rumors, including accusations of poisonings and incest, cast Lucrezia as a femme fatale in the public imagination, contributing to her enduring, controversial legacy.

A poet: The poet in question is Victor Hugo, who wrote a historical play called “Lucrèce Borgia” portraying the Renaissance-era Italian aristocrat.

German Diet: The German or Imperial Diet was the formal assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, composed of various princes, ecclesiastics, and other significant nobles of the empire. This institution played a central role in the governance of the empire from the Middle Ages until its dissolution in 1806.

Salamis: The Battle of Salamis, fought in 480 BCE, was a pivotal naval confrontation between an alliance of Greek city-states and the Persian Empire. Occurring in the straits between the island of Salamis and the Athenian mainland, this battle was a decisive moment in the Second Persian Invasion of Greece. Under the strategic command of the Athenian general Themistocles, the Greek fleet utilized the narrow straits to their advantage, overcoming the larger Persian forces led by King Xerxes I. The victory at Salamis significantly weakened Persian naval power and marked a turning point in the Greco-Persian Wars, leading to the eventual withdrawal of Persian forces from Greece.

Augsburg Confession: The Augsburg Confession, presented in 1530, is one of the most significant documents of the Protestant Reformation. Composed by Philip Melanchthon and endorsed by Martin Luther, it was delivered to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Augsburg. It was intended to demonstrate that the teachings of the Lutheran followers were not heretical but aligned with historical Christian truths. The Augsburg Confession has since become a foundational text for Lutheran churches worldwide, encapsulating core Protestant beliefs.

Cromwell: Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) was a central figure in the English Civil Wars and the subsequent political transformation of England. He served as the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death. A committed Puritan, Cromwell is known for his strict military leadership and his role in the execution of King Charles I, which led to the temporary abolition of the monarchy. Cromwell remains a controversial figure, admired for his commitment to parliamentary governance and criticized for his authoritarian rule and harsh conduct in Ireland.

5 - IN WHICH A LADY SHOWS HER COLORS

6 - CHIMÈNE, QUI L’EÛT DIT? RODRIGUE, QUI L’EÛT CRU?

Chimène, Qui L’eût Dit? Rodrigue, Qui L’eût Cru?: The quote is from "Le Cid" (1637), a tragedy by Pierre Corneille (1606-1684). The original French text reads: "CHIMÈNE: Rodrigue, qui l'eût cru... / DON RODRIGUE: Chimène, qui l'eût dit..." which translates to: "XIMENA: Rodrigo, who would have believed it... / DON RODRIGO: Ximena, who would have said it..." In the citation, the names are reversed and two question marks added, neither of which appears in the original text.

Hezekiah: A king of Judah noted for his religious reforms and his faithfulness to Yahweh. A significant biblical event during his reign is the miracle where God made the sun go back ten steps on the sundial of Ahaz. This sign was given by the prophet Isaiah to assure Hezekiah of God's promise to heal him from a deadly illness and to defend the city of Jerusalem from Assyrian attack. This event is celebrated as a powerful testament to God's intervention on behalf of a faithful king.

Cain’s spit: Cain, a figure from the Book of Genesis in the Bible, is notably recognized as the first human born and the first murderer, according to biblical accounts. He was the eldest son of Adam and Eve. Cain's story is pivotal for its portrayal of his offering to God being rejected, while his brother Abel's was accepted. This rejection led Cain to envy and anger, culminating in the murder of Abel. This envy is associated here with spit or drool, an association Brás Cubas further explores in the chapter “The Delirium”

São João Festival: The São João festival celebrates Saint John the Baptist’s feast day on June 23–24, near the southern hemisphere’s winter solstice.

Tijuca: This refers to both the Tijuca Forest (including Alto da Boa Vista, sometimes also called Alto da Tijuca) and a residential neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro's North Zone. In the 19th century, it was described as a bucolic area with many country houses on its hills.

Nhonhô: The term nhonhô carries complex connotations. It was traditionally used by slaves to address their masters or by servants when referring to male children. The term can be employed with reverence or used sarcastically, reflecting its historical and social nuances.

Buffon: Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707–1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, biologist, cosmologist, and writer. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences and the French Academy and wrote detailed accounts about the natural world (including sparrowhawks).

7 - THE DELIRIUM

Saint Thomas Aquinas’s Summa Theologica: a foundational work in Christian theology and philosophy, written between 1265 and 1274. This extensive treatise aims to explain the Christian faith systematically and defend it against doubters by integrating Aristotelian philosophy with theological doctrine.

Achilles’s horse: In the Iliad, the immortal horse Xanthos is granted the power of speech by the goddess Hera to warn Achilles about his impending death.

Balaam’s donkey: from the Book of Numbers in the Bible. This story involves the prophet Balaam who is summoned by the king to curse the Israelites. As Balaam rides his donkey to fulfill this task, an angel of the Lord blocks their path, invisible to Balaam but visible to the donkey. After Balaam strikes the donkey several times for refusing to move, the Lord miraculously allows the donkey to speak, reprimanding Balaam for his treatment.

Abraham’s tent: Abraham, considered a patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, is often depicted as keeping his tent open on all sides in the midst of the desert to welcome travelers and strangers at any time, embodying the virtue of hospitality.

Pandora: A pivotal figure in Greek mythology, known as the first woman created by the gods. Each deity endowed her with specific gifts, hence her name meaning "all-gifted." Pandora is famously associated with the myth of "Pandora's Box," which contains all the evils of the world, but also hope. Curiously, Pandora doesn't have a box in Brás Cubas Memoirs, but a purse (bolsa can be translated as either “bag” or “purse.” But this being Machado de Assis, Pandora is surely both eternal and fashionable).

Hebrews in captivity: A recurring and significant narrative in the Hebrew Bible. It notably includes the enslavement of the Israelites in Egypt and the Babylonian Captivity in the 6th century BCE.

Libertines of Commodus: Commodus (161-192 CE), a Roman emperor from 180 to 192, was the son of Emperor Marcus Aurelius and became known for his cruelty and debauchery.

Thebes with its hundred gates: Thebes is a city of great mythological and historical significance in ancient Egypt. It is often referred to as "Thebes of the Hundred Gates." The epithet reflects its grandeur and the large number of temple and city gates it purportedly had, symbolizing its strength and prominence.

8 - REASON VERSUS FOLLY

La maison est à moi, c’est à vous d’en sortir: From Moliere's play Tartuffe. The original lines are: "C'est à vous d'en sortir, vous qui parlez en maître. / La maison m'appartient, je le ferai connaître." Translated: "You are the one who should leave, you who speaks as if you own the place. / The house belongs to me, and I will make it known." Funny thing is, the house does not belong to Tartuffe.

10 - ON THAT DAY

Napoleon Bonaparte: French military leader and emperor who rose to prominence during the French Revolution. His conquests reshaped European borders and his legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, influenced many legal systems worldwide. In Brazil, which was a Portuguese colony at the time, Napoleon's European campaigns led to the Portuguese royal family fleeing to Rio de Janeiro in 1807. This event significantly affected Brazilian society and governance, eventually contributing to Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822.

War against Holland: The Dutch-Portuguese War in Brazil occurred between 1630 and 1654. During this period, Dutch forces invaded and occupied large portions of Brazil's northeastern region, particularly the sugar-rich area of Pernambuco. This conflict was part of broader global disputes over colonial territories and trade routes. The Portuguese eventually expelled the Dutch with the help of local landowners and militias, marking a significant moment in Brazilian colonial history.

Mucama: Originally from Kimbundu, a Bantu language, mucama in Portuguese colonies came to mean a young female slave tasked with domestic duties or caring for her owner’s children. This term carries layers of historical and social complexity. Depending on the context, it can can mean everything from servant or nanny, to wetnurse or concubine.

11 - THE CHILD IS FATHER OF THE MAN

A poet: The poet in question is William Wordsworth. "The Child is father of the Man" is a famous line from his poem "My Heart Leaps Up," written in 1802.

Moleque: Another word derived from Kimbundu, in this case mu'leke, which means “small boy” or “kid.” In colonial Portuguese it became a euphemism for a slave boy or young house slave.

I would ask God for forgiveness, just as I forgave my debtors: This phrase echoes the sentiments of the Lord's Prayer, particularly the part that asks, "forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors."

Sinhô/Sinhá: This is how slaves addressed their masters. These terms are alterations of senhor and senhora, respectively, and are roughly equivalent to the term “massa” in North America.

Tertullian: A prolific early Christian author and theologian from Carthage, North Africa, who lived between roughly 155 and 240 AD. He is known for being one of the first to write Christian literature in Latin and for his development of the concept of the Trinity. His famous assertion, "Credo quia absurdum" (I believe because it is absurd), must have had some ironic resonance for Machado de Assis.

Nicene Creed: A Christian statement of faith widely accepted across many denominations, originating from the First Council of Nicaea in 325 AD. This ecumenical council was convened by Emperor Constantine to address the Arian controversy over the nature of Christ's divinity. The Creed asserts the fundamental beliefs about the Trinity—God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—as being of the same substance and co-eternal.

12 - AN EPISODE FROM 1814

Napoleon’s first downfall: Napoleon Bonaparte's first downfall occurred in 1814, marking the end of his reign as Emperor of the French. After a series of costly and unsuccessful military campaigns, notably the disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon faced a coalition of European powers united against him.

Royal family: Portuguese royal family was residing in Brazil, having fled Lisbon in 1807 to escape the advancing troops of Napoleon Bonaparte. This relocation was unprecedented and transformed Brazil from a colony into the seat of the Portuguese Empire.

Te Deum: Early Christian hymn of praise traditionally attributed to Saints Ambrose and Augustine, composed in the 4th century AD. The hymn begins with the Latin words "Te Deum laudamus," meaning "Thee, O God, we praise." It is used in Christian liturgy, particularly in special services of thanksgiving and on occasions of public rejoicing such as the consecration of bishops, ordinations, and royal coronations.

His Highness: Dom João de Bragança, more commonly known as Dom João VI, was the King of Portugal from 1816 to 1826, although in this chapter he is still ruling as the Prince Regent because his mother, Queen Maria I, has by all accounts gone mad.

Ajuda Convent: The convent of Ajuda, belonging to the nuns of the Order of the Conception, was located in the square of the same name, in the center of the city of Rio de Janeiro, where today stands the Pedro Ernesto Palace, the seat of the municipal legislative power. Buried within it were Queen Maria I of Portugal, the mother of King João VI, and Empress Leopoldina, the first wife of Emperor Pedro I. The convent was demolished at the beginning of the 20th century.

Glosa Poet: A glosa poet, or glossador, writes glosas, a poetic form where lines from an established poem are expanded into a new work, often starting with a quatrain from the original and followed by stanzas that end with these lines in sequence.

Bocage: Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage was a Portuguese poet born in 1765, known for his sharp wit and often irreverent style. He became a prominent figure in Portuguese literature during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Bocage's work is characterized by his free-spirited and frequently controversial approach, making him a leading light in the Portuguese Romantic movement.

Nicola’s tavern: In the 18th century, an Italian named Nicola opened one of the first cafes in Rossio square, in the downtown area of Lisbon (city center, near the Tagus River). Nicola's tarvern soon became a popular spot for writers, artists, and politicians. Among the most frequent and well-known patrons was the poet Bocage.

Duchess of Cadaval: Marie Madeleine de Montmorency-Luxembourg (1778-1833) was married to the 5th Duke of Cadaval.

Minuet: Social dance of French origin that was popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly during the Baroque period.

English Solo: Ballroom dance, performed by only two pairs, with tap dancing, common in the mid-19th century in Europe and Brazil.

Luanda: Capital and largest city of Angola, a country on the southwestern coast of Africa. Founded by the Portuguese in 1575, Luanda developed as a key port in the Atlantic slave trade, serving as a major departure point for slave ships bound for Brazil, particularly during the 16th to 19th centuries.

Judeo’s Opera: Machado de Assis is alluding to the works of António José da Silva, a notable Luso-Brazilian writer and playwright born in Brazil during the Colonial period. Silva, who was educated at the University of Coimbra, created his body of work in Portugal between 1725 and 1739. He was known by the nickname “O Judeu” (The Jew). Today, he is regarded as one of Portugal’s greatest playwrights and a precursor of the modinha, a type of music genre.

13 - A LEAP

Compelle Intrare: "Compel them to enter." The phrase originates from the Parable of the Great Banquet in Luke 14:23. It reflects the Lord's directive to his servant to go out to the roads and country lanes, insisting on bringing people in so that his house may be filled.

Quincas Borba: Quincas Borba is a character created by Machado de Assis, first appearing as a secondary figure in "The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas" and later as the titular character in the novel "Quincas Borba." In both works, Borba is an eccentric philosopher who develops his own philosophical system called "Humanitism," which satirically reflects on the selfishness and cruelty of human nature.

Moleque: Another word derived from Kimbundu, in this case mu'leke, which means “small boy” or “kid.” In colonial Portuguese it became a euphemism for a slave boy or young house slave.

1822, Brazilian independence: Brazilian Independence is somewhat of a Freudian affair. It was declared on September 7, 1822, by Dom Pedro I, ostensibly in defiance of his father, Dom João VI, King of Portugal, marking Brazil's emancipation from Portuguese rule. This moment, epitomized by Dom Pedro's famous cry of "Independência ou Morte!" (Independence or Death!), occurred against a backdrop of political upheavals both in Europe and within the Brazilian colonies. But the ultimate cause was the growing tension as the Portuguese Cortes demanded Brazil's reversion to colonial status, leading to widespread discontent in Brazil. Dom Pedro, influenced by the Brazilian elites and the general populace, defied the Cortes' orders, culminating in his declaration of Brazil's independence in 1822.

14 - THE FIRST KISS

Romantics: Romanticism was a cultural and artistic movement that emerged in the late 18th century and peaked during the early to mid-19th century. Romantic literature is characterized by its emphasis on emotion, individualism, and nature, often as a response against the rationalism and strict conventions of the Enlightenment and the industrial revolution. Machado de Assis began his literary career under the influence of Romanticism before becoming a pioneer of Realism and Naturalism in Brazil.

Realists: Realism in literature emerged as a prominent literary movement in the mid-19th century, primarily in response to the emotional excesses and idealized portrayals of Romanticism. It originated in France, with figures like Honoré de Balzac and Gustave Flaubert, and quickly spread to other parts of Europe and America. Realist literature strives to depict everyday activities and experiences in a "true-to-life" manner that does not embellish or idealize events. In Brazilian literature, Realism took root in the late 19th century, with Machado de Assis leading the way.

Marcela: The frequent references to Don Quixote make it pretty obvious that Machado’s Marcela is connected to Cervantes’ version. While the first is born of vice and the second of virtue, the words of the chaste shepherdess in Don Quixote could easily have been said by the lascivious lady in Brás Cubas: “I can’t conceive why a woman who’s loved for her beauty should be obliged to love whoever loves her”

French Invasion of Spain: The French Invasion of Spain, initiated in 1808, was a pivotal event in the Napoleonic Wars and dramatically reshaped the political landscape of Europe. Napoleon Bonaparte, aiming to enforce the Continental System, which was designed to blockade Britain economically, decided to invade Spain as a means to control Portuguese trade routes and ensure compliance across the Iberian Peninsula.

Rocio Grande: Rocio (or Rocio Grande) is the old name for Constitution Square, which is now called Tiradentes Square. It was home to Paula Brito's printing house, which published the Marmota Fluminense, where Machado de Assis made his debut as a poet at the age of 16. The São João Theater, later named São Pedro (now João Caetano), was located at one of its ends. It was one of the spots where, in the 19th century, the city of Rio de Janeiro was bustling.

Night of the luminaries: In celebration of Brazilian independence, the residents illuminated their houses and homes with lanterns.

Cajueiros: a specific area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, situated between the downtown and the port area, near the current headquarters of the Central Railway of Brazil.

15 - MARCELA

Europa’s Bull: According to the myth, Zeus became infatuated with Europa, a Phoenician princess. To get closer to her without arousing suspicion, Zeus transformed himself into a white bull and mingled with the herds of Europa's father. Captivated by the bull's docility and beauty, Europa climbed onto its back. Seizing the opportunity, Zeus, still in the form of the bull, ran to the sea and swam away with Europa to the island of Crete. Once there, he revealed his true identity and Europa became the queen of Crete.

Leda’s Swan: According to the myth, Zeus, in the guise of a swan, seeks refuge in Leda's arms while escaping from a pursuing eagle. Leda, who was the queen of Sparta, is taken by the swan's beauty and vulnerability, and this encounter leads to Zeus seducing her. From this union, Leda is said to have produced two eggs. One egg hatched into Helen (later known as Helen of Troy) and Polydeuces (Pollux), and the other into Castor and Clytemnestra.

Danae’s golden rain: Danaë was a princess of Argos, and according to prophecy, her son was destined to kill her father, King Acrisius. To prevent this, Acrisius locked Danaë in a bronze tower or a deep dungeon, depending on the version of the story, to keep her isolated and childless. However, Zeus, drawn by her beauty, came to her in the form of a shower of gold and impregnated her. From this union, Perseus was born, who would indeed eventually fulfill the prophecy by accidentally killing his grandfather.

Father Zeus: The chief deity in Greek mythology, known as the king of the gods and the ruler of Mount Olympus. And obsessed with having sex with mortals, apparently.

Sancho’s donkey: Sancho Panza's donkey, often simply called "Dapple" (Rucio in Spanish), is a notable and endearing character in Miguel de Cervantes’ classic novel "Don Quixote." The donkey is not just a mode of transportation but also a companion to Sancho Panza, who serves as the squire to the protagonist, Don Quixote. The presence of the donkey contrasts with Don Quixote’s horse, Rocinante, highlighting the earthy, practical nature of Sancho in contrast to Don Quixote's lofty, chivalric aspirations. Or Sancho’s realism to Don Quixote’s romanticism, if we’re to extend the previous chapter’s allegory.

Consular and imperial rule: Consular and imperial rule represent two distinct phases in the governance of ancient Rome, each reflecting different political structures and ideologies. In the Consular system, two consuls were elected to serve together for a term of one year. When the republic fell, power was consolidated in the hands of one emperor, giving rise to the Ceasars and imperial rule.

Cajueiros: a specific area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, situated between the downtown and the port area, near the current headquarters of the Central Railway of Brazil.

Shakespearean witch: In Shakespeare's works, witches are most famously depicted in "Macbeth," where they are portrayed as malevolent beings with the power to influence destiny and manipulate human affairs.

Klopstock’s seraph: Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock was a German poet whose writings greatly influenced the Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) literary movement, precursor to Romanticism. His use of seraphs in his poetry often depicted these angelic beings as embodiments of sublime purity and moral elevation.

17 - ON THE TRAPEZE AND OTHER THINGS

Aluá: Traditional Brazilian fermented drink. While there are various versions, it is commonly made from crushed corn or pineapple rinds. Other fruits or even stale bread may also be used in some recipes.

Ourives Street: Rua dos Ourives was located in the center of Rio de Janeiro, oblique to the current Rio Branco Avenue. As early as the 17th century, workshops of lapidaries and jewelers began to establish themselves there.

18 - A VISION IN THE HALLWAY

Greeks and their gifts: "Beware of Greeks bearing gifts" is a phrase that originates from the ancient story of the Trojan Horse. As recounted in Greek mythology and epic poetry, during the Trojan War, the Greeks gifted the city of Troy a large wooden horse that secretly contained Greek soldiers. This led to the fall of Troy when the soldiers emerged from the horse at night. The phrase cautions against trusting enemies who bring presents, suggesting that such gifts may hide deceit.

Bakbarah: In Thousand and one Nights, Bakbarah is lured into a luxurious setting only to be ridiculed and tormented for amusement of the vizier’s wife and her slaves. His experiences, driven by naive hopes and manipulated by the cunning of those around him, culminate in a harsh and public humiliation.

19 - ABOARD

Horatian ode: A type of lyric poetry named after the ancient Roman poet Horace, who crafted his odes in a conversational and reflective style, often exploring themes of love, politics, and the pleasures of daily life.

Sonnet: A poetic form consisting of 14 lines, traditionally written in iambic pentameter and organized into distinct rhyme schemes, often featuring a volta, or turn in argument or emotion. Originating in Italy during the Renaissance, it became popular across Europe, including in Portugal and Brazil, where it was embraced and adapted to explore themes ranging from love to philosophical reflection.

I, who had contemplated embracing Death, dared not face her when she came to me: Portuguese is a gendered language in which “death” is feminine. I contemplated omitting this linguistic feature in translation, as it sounds a bit contrived in English. But this chapter connects deeply with Brás Cubas’s love for Marcela, so I chose to retain it to preserve the chapter’s thematic resonance.

Piscatorial idylls: An idyl is a short poem of a pastoral or rural character in which something of the element of landscape is depicted or suggested. Piscatorial suggests these poems are related to fishing and the seafaring life.

Eclogue: A short pastoral poem, traditionally involving shepherds conversing in a natural setting, often idealized and serene. Originating from ancient Greek literature, this form was later popularized by the Roman poet Virgil.

Elegy: A form of poetry or song expressing lamentation or mourning for someone who has died, often reflecting on the broader themes of loss and sorrow. Traditionally, elegies are melodic and meditative, allowing poets to explore their grief and the impermanence of life, while sometimes concluding with a consolation.

20 - I GRADUATE

Mondego: The longest river entirely within Portugal, flowing through the country's central region and playing a crucial role in its cultural and economic life. Originating in the Serra da Estrela, the highest mountain range in mainland Portugal, the river eventually reaches the Atlantic Ocean at Figueira da Foz. Historically, the Mondego has been celebrated in Portuguese literature and folklore, often associated with themes of natural beauty and national identity.

22 - RETURN TO RIO

Lisbon: capital of Portugal and a pivotal city in European and Atlantic history, celebrated for its deep harbors and strategic location. During the Age of Discoveries, Lisbon was the launching point for explorers like Vasco da Gama, who set sail to chart new trade routes to India, thereby expanding Portuguese influence across continents. This global reach inevitably impacted Brazil, which was colonized by Portugal in 1500. In Machado de Assis's era, Lisbon represented the distant yet influential homeland for Brazilians of Portuguese descent.

Lord Byron: The famed British Romantic poet, lived during the early 19th century. His works, characterized by their passionate and often rebellious themes, left a lasting impact on European literature and beyond. Byron's influence reached Brazil, where his themes of individualism and defiance resonated with Brazilian intellectuals and writers, including Machado de Assis.

Most Serene Republic: The Most Serene Republic of Venice, known simply as the Venetian Republic, was a sovereign state that existed from the 8th century until its fall to Napoleon in 1797. Renowned for its unique political system and its achievements in trade, it was one of the most enduring maritime republics and played a significant role in Mediterranean history. Venice was governed by the Doge, elected by a complex system of councils, embodying a mix of aristocracy and republicanism.

Bridge of Sighs: Bridge over the Rio di Palazzo in Venice, connecting the prison to the interrogation rooms in the Doge's Palace. Constructed in 1600, it became famous for the purported "sighs" of prisoners who glimpsed their last views of beautiful Venice through the windows before being taken to their cells.

Rialto: Central area of Venice, Italy, known historically for its bustling market and as a financial and commercial hub since the 11th century.

In-folio and Duedecimo: In publishing and printing, folio refers to folding the sheets of paper used in printing books once to create two leaves or four pages, leading to large books with, presumably, lots of text. On the other hand, the duodecimo (also spelled "12mo" or "twelvemo") is a format where a sheet of paper is folded into twelve leaves, resulting in twenty-four pages. This method produces smaller, more portable books, which were often used for novels, poetry, and other forms of popular literature that benefited from being easily carried and read in various settings. Machado had intimate knowledge of these terms, as he used to work as a typesetter.

23 - SAD, BUT SHORT

Negro-for-hire: Escravo de ganho or preto de ganho was the name given to urban slaves who performed a job and passed on part of their earnings to their owners. This term does not have a direct equivalent in English. While slaves had to pay a minimum quota to their masters as a result of their daily work, anything that exceeded that quota belonged to the slave. Some of these slaves were able to save enough money to buy their freedom. They worked in various activities, such as street vendors, porters, barbers, sailors, fishermen, blacksmiths, artisans, masons, etc.

Death of Caeser: Caesar (101-44 BC) was a Roman general and politician. A great conqueror, he expanded the boundaries of the Empire and concentrated a lot of power in his hands. He was assassinated in the Senate by a group of conspirators, fearful that he would become emperor and end the republican regime in Rome.

Death of Socrates: Socrates (470-399 BC) is a Greek philosopher who left nothing in writing, but taught using dialectics and irony. Accused of impiety, he was condemned to commit suicide, which he did with stoic simplicity, according to Plato.

Death of Cato: Cato of Utica (95-46 BC), a Stoic defender of liberty and the Senate against Caesar, killed himself with his own sword in Utica after Pompey was defeated by Caesar at Thapsus.

24 - SHORT, BUT HAPPY

Modena: Italian city located in the Emilia-Romagna region, historically significant for its rich cultural heritage, including its Romanesque architecture, such as the magnificent Modena Cathedral.

Virgil: A classical Roman poet from the 1st century BCE, best known for his epic poem, "The Aeneid," which tells the story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. Virgil's works, including "The Eclogues" and "The Georgics," are celebrated for their profound influence on Western literature, blending political themes with complex human emotions and moral questions.

Horace: A prominent Roman poet from the 1st century BCE, celebrated for his odes, satires, and epistles, which artfully blend philosophical musings with the mundane details of daily life. His works reflect a sophisticated balance of personal introspection and moral wisdom, often advocating for moderation and the pursuit of the Golden Mean as a path to a fulfilled life.

25 - IN TIJUCA

Moleque: Another word derived from Kimbundu, in this case mu'leke, which means “small boy” or “kid.” In colonial Portuguese it became a euphemism for a slave boy or young house slave.

“Why, ’tis good to be sad and say nothing!”: from William Shakespeare's play "As You Like It." In the play, the melancholic character Jaques utters this line to express the idea that there is a certain satisfaction in embracing sadness without the need to articulate it.

Jururu: From the word yuru-ru in the indigenous language Tupi, which literary translates to “with a hanging neck”, but means sad, melancholy or crestfallen, in the case of chickens.

Sinhô/Sinhá: This is how slaves addressed their masters. These terms are alterations of senhor and senhora, respectively, and are roughly equivalent to the term “massa” in North America.

26 - THE AUTHOR HESITATES

Regency: Between 1831 and 1840, Brazil was ruled by regents following the abdication of Emperor Pedro I, who left to reclaim the Portuguese crown. This decade was marked by significant political instability, regional rebellions, and the struggle for power among various factions, as the country lacked a monarch. The period ended when Pedro I’s son, Dom Pedro II, was declared of age to rule at just 14 years old, transitioning Brazil back to imperial rule.

Ursa Major: Prominent constellation, often referred to as the Great Bear, notable for containing the famous asterism known as the Big Dipper.

Restoration: Possibly a reference to the Restoring Party (the Caramurus), who wanted the return of Dom Pedro I to power.

Evaristo: Evaristo da Veiga (1799-1837) was a journalist and politician during the First Reign and the Regency period.

Mata-Cavalos: Matacavalos Street, now called Riachuelo Street, is located in the center of Rio de Janeiro. According to tradition, the name originated either from mud pits that hindered animal passage, causing injuries that often led to their sacrifice, or from trees of that name planted along the street.

Arma virumque cano: "I sing of arms and the man." The opening line of the Aeneid by Virgil (71-19 BC), an epic poem that recounts the origin of Rome.

27 - VIRGÍLIA?

Man is but a thinking reed: Blaise Pascal, a French philosopher and mathematician, famously described humanity as a "thinking reed" in his work Pensées. This metaphor captures the essence of human vulnerability contrasted with intellectual strength. Despite being fragile and easily destroyed by nature, like a reed, humans are distinguished by their capacity for thought, which gives them strength and resilience beyond their physical limitations.

30 - THE FLOWER OF THE THICKET

Black butterfly: In Brazilian culture, the black butterfly is often considered a symbol of bad luck or an omen of death.

33 - BLESSED ARE THOSE WHO DON’T DESCEND

Venus: In Roman mythology, iVenus s the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility, akin to the Greek goddess Aphrodite.

Blessed are those who do not descend, for theirs is the first kiss of the young ladies: A reference to the Sermon on the Mount in the Christian Bible: “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted. Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness, for they shall be filled.”

Tartuffery: Hypocritical pretense to virtue or piety. The term originates from Molière's play "Tartuffe," where the main character, Tartuffe, is a con artist cloaking his malicious actions under a façade of religious devotion.

34 - TO A SENSITIVE SOUL

Diana: Roman goddess of the hunt, the moon, and nature, associated with wild animals and woodland, and having the power to talk to and control animals. She is akin to the Greek goddess Artemis.

Pandemonium: Originally coined by John Milton in his epic poem "Paradise Lost," Pandemonium refers to the capital of Hell, literally translating to "all demons." Over time, the term has evolved to mean any scene of uproar and chaos.

Smyrna: In Greek mythology, Smyrna, or Myrrha, was cursed by Aphrodite to fall in love with her own father. Through various transformations and tragic circumstances, Myrrha ultimately became a myrrh tree from which Adonis was born.

Cleopatra: The last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. Known for her intelligence, political acumen, and romantic liaisons with powerful Roman figures like Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, Cleopatra remains a symbol of beauty, seduction, and royal intrigue.

35 - THE ROAD TO DAMASCUS

Road to Damascus: From the Christian New Testament, where Saul of Tarsus, a fervent persecutor of Christians, experiences a profound spiritual transformation into Paul the Apostle after encountering a divine vision on his way to Damascus. This term has since become synonymous with any moment of sudden and radical change in perspective or belief.

Arise, and go into the city: A directive from the biblical account of Saul's conversion on the Road to Damascus, as described in the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament. After being struck blind by a divine light, Saul hears Jesus's voice instructing him to continue into Damascus, where he would be told what he must do. This command is pivotal, leading to Saul's transformation into Paul the Apostle, symbolizing a profound personal and spiritual rebirth.

36 - ON THE SUBJECT OF BOOTS

Epicurus: Ancient Greek philosopher who founded Epicureanism, a philosophy that advocates seeking modest, sustainable pleasures to attain a tranquil state of mind, known as ataraxia, and a life free from fear and bodily pain. Epicurus emphasized friendship, the pursuit of knowledge, and a simple life as the path to happiness.

38 - THE FOURTH EDITION

Largo de São Francisco de Paula: One of the oldest sites in Rio de Janeiro. In 1808, with the arrival of the Portuguese royal family in Brazil, construction of the Central School began there, later becoming the Royal Military Academy, then the Polytechnic School, and today it is the Institute of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. The Church of São Francisco de Paula is located in the square. Throughout its history, São Francisco Square has been the setting for popular demonstrations, such as those in favor of the Abolition of Slavery and the Proclamation of the Republic.

Moleque: Another word derived from Kimbundu, in this case mu'leke, which means “small boy” or “kid.” In colonial Portuguese it became a euphemism for a slave boy or young house slave.

40 - IN THE COACH

Moleque: Another word derived from Kimbundu, in this case mu'leke, which means “small boy” or “kid.” In colonial Portuguese it became a euphemism for a slave boy or young house slave.

Sinhô/Sinhá: This is how slaves addressed their masters. These terms are alterations of senhor and senhora, respectively, and are roughly equivalent to the term “massa” in North America.

42 - IN THE COACH

Aristotle: An ancient Greek philosopher and scientist who lived from 384 to 322 BC. He is one of the greatest intellectual figures of Western history. His writings covered a wide range of subjects, including physics, biology, poetry, politics, and ethics, significantly shaping Western thought.

43 - MARCHIONESS, FOR I’LL BE MARQUIS

Caesarian impetus: An aggressive or forceful energy reminiscent of Julius Caesar, the Roman general and statesman known for his decisive actions and ambitious nature.

Attila’s horse: Attila the Hun was the notorious ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. Known as the "Scourge of God," Attila was feared across the Roman Empire for his relentless invasions and ruthless tactics in warfare. His is supposed to have said: “There, where I have passed, the grass will never grow again.”

46 - THE INHERITANCE

Campo: In the first half of the 19th century, the Campo da Aclamação was a desolate area situated on marshy ground outside the walls of Rio de Janeiro. It was owned by the Count of Resende, the Viceroy of Brazil. Following the acclamation of Dom Pedro as the first emperor of Brazil, the area was named Campo da Aclamação. In 1873, it underwent a significant urban redesign led by the French landscape architect Glaziou, transforming it into an elegant and popular spot. The site was later renamed Praça da República (Republic Square) following the proclamation of the Republic there. The area is also referred to as Campo de Santana, named after the nearby church dedicated to Saint Santana.

Dom José I: King of Portugal from 1750 to 1777. His reign is perhaps most notable for the powerful influence of his prime minister, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, better known as the Marquis of Pombal. The Marquis of Pombal is famous for his far-reaching reforms and strong, sometimes despotic, methods, which transformed Portuguese society, including the expulsion of the Jesuits and the reconstruction of Lisbon after the devastating 1755 earthquake.

48 - VIRGÍLIA’S COUSIN

São Paulo: Capital of the state bearing the same name. It is currently the most economically significant city in Brazil. It features prominently in the fiction of Machado de Assis, particularly because it is home to the renowned Law School of Largo do São Francisco, established in 1827—the same year as the Law School in Recife. The role of both the city and the state of São Paulo in Brazil's political landscape became more prominent during the Republican period, though it was already an expanding province during the Second Reign.

Ball at Catete: This likely refers to the balls held by the "Assembleia dos Estrangeiros," a private society limited to elite members. This society was the city's first major promoter of balls, active since 1835. Its headquarters were located at Largo do Valdetaro in the Catete neighborhood, close to the former Nova Friburgo Palace, later the Catete Palace, and now the Museum of the Republic.

49 - THE TIP OF THE NOSE

Dr. Pangloss: A character from Voltaire's satirical novel, "Candide," published in 1759. He is an eternal optimist, famously asserting that “all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds,” despite facing continuous and often absurd misfortunes. This philosophy, known as Panglossianism, parodies the optimistic rationalism of Leibniz and serves to critique the philosophical naiveté and inaction it can promote in the face of suffering and injustice.

Fakir: A term that generally refers to a Muslim (or occasionally Hindu) religious ascetic who lives solely on alms, often seen as a person who performs feats of endurance or apparent magic, thought to be acts of piety and spiritual enlightenment. The concept aligns with notions of renunciation and mystical transcendence.

50 - VIRGÍLIA MARRIED

Ouvidor Street: Rua do Ouvidor, the main commercial street in Rio de Janeiro during the 19th century (and well into the 20th century), originally stretched from the sea to Largo de São Francisco. Today, its starting point is further from the sea due to successive land reclamation efforts. This street housed the city's most fashionable shops, including cigar shops, shoe stores, jewelers, and clothing boutiques, as well as the headquarters of major newspapers like Jornal do Commercio and Gazeta de Notícias, among others. It was also home to the Garnier bookstore, a major publisher of Machado de Assis’s works and a popular gathering place for intellectuals in the late 19th century

Plancher: Pierre René François Plancher de la Noé (1779-1844), a French editor and journalist, was active in the Brazilian market during the First Reign. He established his printing press in Rio de Janeiro in 1824 and founded the Jornal do Commercio, a newspaper focused on commercial matters.

Graced the salons of the first reign and did not disgrace those of the second: Pedro I’s reign, the first reign, spanned from September 7, 1822, to his abdication on April 7, 1831, in favor of his young son. This led to the Regency period, lasting until July 23, 1840, when fourteen-year-old Pedro II began his reign. A lady attending balls in both reigns would have done so over at least eighteen years.

Waltz: Originating in the 18th century from rural German folk dances, the Waltz became immensely popular in Europe and the Americas during the 19th century. Known for its flowing movements and rhythmic rise and fall, the waltz carried a somewhat scandalous reputation initially due to the close contact between partners.

Francesca: Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta are historical figures from 13th-century Italy, immortalized in Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy." In Dante's epic, they appear in the Inferno, where they are condemned to the second circle of Hell for their adulterous love. According to the story, Paolo was Francesca's brother-in-law; their tragic affair began when they read the story of Lancelot and Guinevere together, leading to their murder by Francesca's husband, Paolo's brother, Gianciotto Malatesta.

52 - THE MYSTERIOUS PACKAGE

Botafogo: Neighborhood in the southern zone of Rio de Janeiro, well-known for its iconic view of Botafogo Cove or Beach with Sugarloaf Mountain in the backdrop. Its name is believed to have originated from José Pereira de Sousa Botafogo, a major landowner in the area during the 16th and 17th centuries. With the arrival of the Portuguese royal family in 1808, the neighborhood became a favored spot for nobility and successful merchants.

Moleque: Another word derived from Kimbundu, in this case mu'leke, which means “small boy” or “kid.” In colonial Portuguese it became a euphemism for a slave boy or young house slave.

Banco do Brasil: The Bank of Brazil was established by Prince Regent Dom João (later King Dom João VI) in 1808, and it began its operations the following year. It was a mixed institution handling deposits, discounts, and issuance, and also held the exclusive right to sell products over which the Crown had a monopoly, such as Brazilwood and diamonds.

54 - THE PENDULUM

Adam and Eve: The first humans created by God in the Garden of Eden, according to the Judeo-Christian creation myth. Their story, which includes the infamous episode involving a forbidden fruit leading to the fall of man, symbolizes the human tendencies toward temptation and the search for knowledge.

57 - FATE

Di pari, come buoi, che vanno a giogo: “Side by side, like oxen under the yoke.” The reference is to Dante's Divine Comedy. Machado is mistaken about the characters in this passage of the Purgatory; it is not two souls the poet encounters. Instead, Dante himself walks alongside Oderisi, a master illuminator purging the sin of pride. The line from "Purgatory" and metaphorically emphasizes humility and shared burden in penance.

Poor fate: Since Machado personifies fate here, he is probably alluding to Moira, often referred to in the plural as the Moirai or Fates in Greek mythology, the three sisters who control the destinies of both gods and mortals. Each sister has a specific role: Clotho spins the thread of life, Lachesis measures it, and Atropos cuts it, determining the moment of death.

Jacaranda: Jacaranda wood, derived from the jacaranda tree, is highly valued for its deep, rich purple color and fine grain, making it popular for use in the crafting of fine furniture and musical instruments. In Brazil, where the jacaranda is both common and celebrated, this wood was historically prized for its beauty and durability, often used in luxurious settings.

58 - IN CONFIDENCE

That one of a different nature: Machado doesn’t specify what this other reason for entering public life could be, but the cynical interpretation is that Lobo Neves lacked the only thing that actually really matters: the desire to promote public welfare.

59 - AN ENCOUNTER

Barbonos Street: Rua dos Barbonos, now known as Evaristo da Veiga Street, is located in downtown Rio de Janeiro, nestled between Republic of Paraguay Avenue and Rio Branco Avenue. In 1739, the Capuchin friars, also known as 'barbonos' (bearded ones), moved to a house across from the Jerusalem hospice (a hospital and shelter), where they stayed for 68 years. The street was renamed Evaristo da Veiga Street in 1870, in honor of the journalist from the First Empire and Regency periods. In the 19th century, the street was home to very popular kiosks that sold consumer products. These were destroyed during the Pereira Passos reforms in the early 20th century.

Father Bernardes: Father Manuel Bernardes (1644–1710), a Portuguese priest and writer, critiqued nuns for extravagantly dressing against their vows in his book Os Últimos Fins do Homem (1728), coining the phrase “trage ao bizarro” (bizarre garb).

Passeio Público park: the first public park in Rio de Janeiro, located in the city center. It was constructed in the 18th century by order of the Viceroy D. Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa (Viscount of Figueiró), who commissioned the architect, builder, and sculptor Valentim da Fonseca e Silva (Master Valentim) to design it. From the late 18th century until the early 20th century, it served as an elegant meeting place for the people of Rio. The kiosks within the Passeio Público, hallmarks of Rio's Belle Époque, were popular spots for selling various consumer products.

Babylonian captivity: The period in the 6th century BCE when the Jews were exiled from the Kingdom of Judah to Babylon following the Babylonian conquest, notably marked by the destruction of Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple in 586 BCE. This event is a pivotal moment in Jewish history, shaping much of their subsequent religious and cultural identity, including the composition of significant portions of the Hebrew Bible.

Gessler: Albrecht Gessler is the probably fictitious authoritarian mayor from William Tell's tale. The legend says that Gessler hung his hat on a pole in the city's central square, forcing everyone to bow before it. When William Tell refused to do so, he was condemned either to execution or to shoot an apple placed on his own son's head.

Bossuet: Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704), a French prelate, writer, and sacred orator, considered a master of French prose style.

Vieira: Father Antônio Vieira (1608–1697), a Portuguese Jesuit who spent many years in Brazil as a missionary. A great sacred orator, he is considered the highest expression of Baroque prose in the Portuguese language.

São Francisco Church: Built in the 18th century to house the Third Order of the Minims of Saint Francis of Paola. Originally a simple hermitage, it was replaced in the 19th century by the current temple. The construction saw contributions from Master Valentim in its initial phase, and later from Antônio de Pádua e Castro and the sculptors Pinheiro and Almeida Reis. It was inaugurated in 1865, attended by Emperor Dom Pedro II and Empress Teresa Cristina.

In hoc signo vinces!: “In this sign, you will conquer.” According to Christian tradition, this phrase was part of a vision seen by the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, in which a Christian symbol (the Chi-Rho) appeared in the sky with this message. This vision led Constantine to embrace Christianity, marking a significant turning point for the religion as it began to receive imperial endorsement and eventually became the dominant religion of the Roman Empire.

60 - THE EMBRACE

61 - A PROJECT

62 - THE PILLOW

Brussels Lace: A type of luxurious hand-made lace known for its beauty and intricacy, which originated in the city of Brussels, Belgium, in the 15th century. It became highly prized across Europe for its fine detail and exquisite craftsmanship, often used in the fashion of aristocracy and royalty. This lace is characterized by its delicate patterns.

63 - LET’S RUN AWAY!

Candiani: Augusta Candiani (1820–1890), an Italian opera singer, achieved great fame in Brazil. Machado de Assis was a self-confessed fan.

65 - EYES AND EARS

Sinhô/Sinhá: This is how slaves addressed their masters. These terms are alterations of senhor and senhora, respectively, and are roughly equivalent to the term “massa” in North America.

Candiani: Augusta Candiani (1820–1890), an Italian opera singer, achieved great fame in Brazil. Machado de Assis was a self-confessed fan.

66 - LEGS

Hotel Pharoux: The Pharoux hotel-restaurant, owned by Louis Adolphe Pharoux who arrived in Brazil in the early 19th century, was located at Paço Square, now known as Quinze de Novembro Square, with its facade facing the waterfront. The establishment was renowned for its sophisticated cuisine and elegant dining room. Pharoux also contributed to the renovation of the quay, which was subsequently named after him.

67 - THE LITTLE HOUSE

Gamboa: A neighborhood in the port area of Rio de Janeiro. From the 18th to the 19th century, it was an area chosen by the aristocracy and wealthy families of the time to build their estates and residences. In the last decades of the 19th century, the neighborhood fell into decline as the more affluent residents, seeking to escape the vicinity of the port, moved to other areas of the city. In the early 20th century, land reclamation and sanitation projects at the port of Rio de Janeiro pushed Gamboa away from the sea.

68 - THE LASHER

Valongo: the quay in Rio where slaves were sold after arriving from the middle passage. The slave market was closed in 1831, though illegal trade persisted. It saw hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans, part of the 4 million brought to Brazil.

Moleque: Another word derived from Kimbundu, in this case mu'leke, which means “small boy” or “kid.” In colonial Portuguese it became a euphemism for a slave boy or young house slave.

69 - A GRAIN OF FOLLY

Tamerlane: Also known as Timur, a 14th-century Turco-Mongol conqueror and the founder of the Timurid Empire in Persia and Central Asia. He is known for his military genius and brutal conquests, which extended from India to Russia.

70 - DONA PLÁCIDA

Alexander the Great: A king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a legendary figure renowned for his unprecedented military conquests across Asia Minor, Egypt, Persia, and into India from 356-323 BCE. His campaigns significantly spread Greek culture and influence, initiating the era known as the Hellenistic Period.

72 - THE BIBLIOMANIAC

Museums of Italy and Holland: In the 19th century, museums in Italy and Holland were centers of cultural heritage and played pivotal roles in the development of art and historical studies in Europe.

Laemmert’s Almanack: recognized as the first almanac published in Brazil. It contained information about the Brazilian court, ministries, imperial legislation, census data, and even advertisements, and became a key resource for understanding nineteenth-century Brazilian daily life.

Julius Ceasar: A pivotal figure in ancient Roman history and a military general and statesman whose actions ended the Roman Republic and paved the way for the Roman Empire. Known for his crucial role in the series of events that led to the rise of the Roman Empire, Caesar's political and military genius profoundly influenced the structure of Western government and military tactics.

73 - THE LIGHT LUNCH

Iaiá: A term historically used in Brazil by slaves or servants to refer to the daughters or young women of the household, indicating a blend of respect and affection. It is roughly equivalent to the male counterpart nhonhô.

74 - DONA PLÁCIDA’S STORY

Cathedral: The cathedral of Rio de Janeiro, the Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, built in the second half of the 18th century and designated by Dom João VI as the new Royal Portuguese Chapel. It served as the seat (or "sé") of the Rio de Janeiro diocese until the completion of the new cathedral on Chile Avenue at the end of the 20th century (1977).

Tostão: A tostão is roughly equivalent to 50 cents in today’s US dollars.

75 - TO MYSELF

78 - THE GOVERNORSHIP

Governorship: Initially, during the colonial era, Brazil was divided into hereditary captaincies, which were large land grants given to Portuguese nobility. These captaincies were later managed under a more centralized system by governors-general appointed by the Portuguese crown. As Brazil transitioned into an empire in the 19th century following its independence from Portugal in 1822, these regions were reorganized into provinces. Each province was headed by a "president of the province," a title that reflected the administrative changes under the imperial constitution. So technically, Lobo Neves is offered a “Presidency”, but to avoid confusion I opted to translate this as “Governorship.”

81 - THE RECONCILIATION

82 - A MATTER OF BOTANY

Cicero: Roman statesman, orator, and writer who lived from 106 to 43 BCE and is celebrated for his profound influence on Latin literature and Roman politics. His works on rhetoric, philosophy, and politics are seminal, shaping Western thought and democratic ideals. Cicero's eloquence and defense of the Roman Republic against populist forces like Julius Caesar have made him an enduring symbol of civic virtue and resistance against tyranny.

Magpies of Sintra: Legend has it that magpies emerged from the gardens of the Sintra Palace, echoing “Foi por bem” (“It was for the best”), the nervous excuse uttered by King D. João I after being caught by Queen D. Filipa in a compromising situation with a court lady.

83 - 13

Hamlet: One of William Shakespeare's most renowned tragedies, written around 1600. The play tells the story of Prince Hamlet of Denmark, who seeks revenge against his uncle Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father, taken the throne, and married Hamlet's mother. The play explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest, moral corruption.

84 - THE CONFLICT

Pelopidas’s sacrifice: In the chapter of “Parallel Lives” (biographies of historical Greek and Roman figures) dedicated to Pelopidas, Plutarch recounts the story of the sacrifice of a fire-haired mare in place of a young Theban woman. Plutarch, a Greek historian and moralist, lived in the 1st to 2nd century AD.

Book with seven seals: The phrase originates from the Bible, specifically the Book of Revelation, where it describes a scroll secured with seven seals that no one could open until the Lamb (a symbol for Jesus Christ) breaks them, unveiling events that lead to the Apocalypse. This imagery has become a metaphor for something that is profoundly mysterious or difficult to understand.

85 - THE PEAK OF THE MOUNTAIN

Scheherazade: The legendary storyteller from the Middle Eastern collection of tales known as "One Thousand and One Nights." Each night, to postpone her execution by the king, she tells him a captivating story, leaving it unfinished until the next night. This clever strategy of cliffhangers not only saves her life but also transforms the king's character.

86 - THE MYSTERY

Zephyr: In classical mythology, Zephyr is the personification of the west wind, known for being the gentlest of the winds and heralding the arrival of spring.

Abraham: A pivotal figure in the religious traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, often regarded as the patriarch of the Israelites and a model of faithfulness to God.

88 - THE INVALID

Dom João VI: King Dom João VI of Portugal (1767–1826), who moved the Portuguese royal family from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro in 1808 while he was still prince regent. In 1815, he rescinded Brazil’s status as colony and elevated it to kingdom, alongside Portugal and the Algarves.

São Cristóvão district: A neighborhood in the northern zone of Rio de Janeiro. In the 19th century, it reached its zenith when the Portuguese royal family moved from the City Palace at Largo do Paço (now Praça Quinze de Novembro) to the palace at Quinta da Boa Vista, located in São Cristóvão. Following the Proclamation of the Republic, it became a neighborhood known for its commerce and small industries. The church built by the Jesuits in honor of the saint gave the neighborhood its name.

89 - IN EXTREMIS

In Extremis: From the latin phrase “In extremis vitae momentis.” Translated: “in the last moments of life.”

90 - THE AGE-OLD COLLOQUY OF ADAM AND CAIN

Adam and Cain: Seminal figures from the Book of Genesis in the Bible. Adam is the first human, created by God, symbolizing the beginning of human existence and the inherent imperfections of mankind. Cain, Adam's first son, is infamously known for committing the first murder by killing his brother Abel.

91 - AN EXTRAORDINARY LETTER

Que voulez-vous, monseigneur?—as Figaro would say—c’est la misère: “What do you want, my lord?—as Figaro would say—it's misery.” This line references Figaro, the Barber of Seville, a character from Beaumarchais' plays, notably known for his wit and his role as a clever and resourceful servant who often comments on social inequalities and personal misfortunes.

Zeno: Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism, a school of philosophy that emphasizes rationality and argues that virtue is sufficient for happiness. Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means to overcome destructive emotions.

Seneca: Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, and playwright known for his profound writings on ethics and his practical application of Stoic philosophy. His works emphasize the mastery over one's emotions, the acceptance of fate, and the importance of living a life of virtue in accordance with reason.

Minas Gerais: The former Brazilian province and current state of Minas Gerais is located in southeastern Brazil. Its name, translating to “General Mines,” reflects its abundant mineral wealth. In the eighteenth century, it experienced a golden age during the peak of the gold cycle. By the nineteenth century, Minas Gerais became prominent in Brazil’s political and economic landscape due to its agricultural production.

92 - AN EXTRAORDINARY MAN

1831 revolution: The “1831 revolution” is not a specific event, but a series of conflicts between Brazilian “liberals” and the “adoptive” Portuguese conservatives (so called for adopting Brazilian nationality), who were solid supporters of the emperor. These conflicts eventually led to Dom Pedro I’s abdication and the beginning of Regency rule in Brazil (next in line for the throne was five-year-old Dom Pedro II). This was one of the most tumultuous periods in Brazilian history, where several provinces took up arms and threatened secession.

National Guard: A militia established during Brazil’s Regency period to counterbalance the influence of the army. Its role was to control provincial uprisings and influence election outcomes. The members of the National Guard were known for their striking and imposing uniforms.

São Pedro Theater: The São Pedro de Alcântara Theater was located at Constitution Square, now known as Tiradentes Square. It opened in 1826 on the same site where the São João Theater, which had burned down in 1824, previously stood. The São Pedro Theater itself experienced several fires but was always rebuilt, twice thanks to the efforts of the actor and entrepreneur João Caetano, who now lends his name to the theater that was built in its place.

Maria Joana: A reference to the play “Marie-Jeanne or the Woman of the People” (Marie-Jeanne ou la femme du peuple), a drama in five acts and six scenes, written by the French authors Adolphe d'Ennery (1811-1899) and Julien de Mallian (1805-1851); it premiered in Paris in 1845. To date, no records have been found of the play being staged in Rio de Janeiro.

Kettly, or the Return to Switzerland: A comedy-vaudeville by the French playwrights Félix Duvert and Paul Duport, first performed in Paris at the Vaudeville Theater in 1825. It was staged during the reopening of the São Pedro de Alcântara Theater in 1857, following renovations due to a fire.

Deperini: Margherita Deperini, an Italian mezzo-soprano, arrived in Rio de Janeiro with the Italian Lyric Company in January 1844. In 1845, during the premiere of Pacini's opera "Sappho," Deperini sang the role of Climene, Sappho's supposed rival, who later discovers she is her sister. Reports of her performances in Brazil continue up to the 1847 season.

Sappho: There are two operas titled “Sappho,” but the reference in the text is to the one by Giovanni Pacini, with a libretto by S. Cammarano, which premiered in Naples in 1840 and was performed in Rio de Janeiro in 1845, 1846, and 1847. The other “Sappho” is by Gounod (1818-1893), with a libretto by Émile Augier, and premiered in Paris in 1851. Giovanni Pacini (1796-1867) was an Italian composer who wrote around 74 operas, with his most celebrated being “Sappho.”

Anne Boleyn: “Anna Bolena” is a two-act opera by Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848), with a libretto by Felice Romani. It premiered in Milan in 1830 and tells the story of Anne Boleyn, who, repudiated by Henry VIII of England, is tried for adultery, condemned, and executed.

Candiani: Augusta Candiani (1820–1890), an Italian opera singer, achieved great fame in Brazil. Machado de Assis was a self-confessed fan.

Ernani: The opera "Ernani" by Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901), in four acts with a libretto by Francesco Maria Piave (1810-1876), premiered in Venice at the Teatro La Fenice in 1844. It was performed in Rio de Janeiro in 1854 and is based on "Hernani, or The Honor of a Castilian," a drama by Victor Hugo (1802-1885), which debuted in Paris in 1830.

The devil take the English: Following the abolition of the slave trade by Britain in 1807, the British Royal Navy deployed its West Africa Squadron to patrol the African coasts to intercept ships involved in the slave trade. Despite various challenges, including jurisdictional issues and international resistance, this blockade was instrumental in reducing the number of slaves transported across the Atlantic. All this did not sit well with the Brazilian elite.

Praia Grande: The current city of Niterói was formerly known as Vila Real de Praia Grande, located on the eastern shore of Guanabara Bay in the state (formerly province) of Rio de Janeiro. Covering an area that includes today's neighborhoods of Centro, Fátima, and Gragoatá, Praia Grande remained a small village from the 16th to the 18th century. It became Vila Real in the 19th century when the Additional Act of the Constitution of 1824 made it the capital of the province of Rio de Janeiro, while the city of Rio de Janeiro became a neutral municipality. In 1835, it was renamed Niterói.

95 - FLOWERS OF YESTERYEAR

Flowers of yesteryear: The phrase seems to echo the refrain from a poem by François Villon (1431-c.1463), the first of the great French lyric poets: "Mais où sont les neiges d'antan?" ("But where are the snows of yesteryear?"). The poem is titled "Ballade des dames du temps jadis."

Laplace: French scholar and mathematician whose work was important to the development of engineering, mathematics, statistics, physics, astronomy, and philosophy.

96 - THE ANONYMOUS LETTER

97 - BETWEEN LIPS AND FOREHEAD

98 - OMITTED

Estela: Estela Sezefreda (1810–1874), Brazilian theater actress and dancer.

Tartuffe: A character from a famous 17th-century play by French playwright Molière, often referred to as “Tartuffe, or The Hypocrite.” Tartuffe is a master of deception and pretends to be a pious and devout individual while manipulating a wealthy family for his own gain. This character became so synonymous with hypocrisy and false piety that the term "Tartuffe" is still used today to describe someone displaying similar traits.

Othello: A tragic play by William Shakespeare, centered around the noble Moorish general, Othello, in Venice. The play explores themes of jealousy, trust, manipulation, and betrayal, driven by the actions of Othello's deceitful ensign, Iago. Shakespeare’s portrayal of Othello’s tragic fall from a respected leader to a man consumed by jealousy and rage remains a profound critique of the destructive power of emotions and prejudice.

Pascal’s duality, l’ange et la bête: The philosophical concept introduced by the 17th-century French thinker Blaise Pascal that captures the dual nature of humanity: “l'ange” (the angel) and “la bête” (the beast). Pascal posited that humans are caught between their base, animalistic instincts and their higher, spiritual aspirations.

Jansenist: A follower of Jansenism, a theological movement originating in the 17th century, based on the teachings of Cornelius Jansen. Jansenism emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. The movement was particularly critical of what it viewed as moral laxity in the Catholic Church and promoted a return to the austere, ascetic principles of early Christianity. Blaise Pascal was quite closely associated with Jansenism.

99 - IN THE ORCHESTRA SEATS

Aeschylus’s Prometheus: In Aeschylus’s play “Prometheus Bound,” the Titan Prometheus is punished by Zeus for stealing fire from the gods and giving it to mankind. Chained to a rock, Prometheus represents the suffering of a hero who defies divine authority out of sympathy for humanity, embodying themes of resistance and the clash between tyranny and free will. Prometheus remains steadfast in his refusal to submit to Zeus or reveal his secrets that could threaten Zeus's rule, even under torture.

Gulliver: The main character in Jonathan Swift's (1667-1745) work “Gulliver's Travels,” originally published in 1726. In Lilliput, the country of the tiny people, Gulliver easily breaks the ropes that bound him to the ground.

100 - PROBABLY TRUE

Flamengo Beach: Located in the eponymous neighborhood in the southern zone of Rio de Janeiro. The current Flamengo Beach is the result of an artificial merger between the former Russel Beach and the Flamengo sandbank, creating a single beach.

101 - THE DALMATIAN REVOLUTION

Dalmatia: A historical region along the Adriatic coast of what is today Croatia. Known for its distinctive geographic beauty, featuring dramatic coastlines and numerous islands, Dalmatia has a rich history that includes periods under Roman, Byzantine, Venetian, and Austro-Hungarian rule, before becoming part of modern Croatia. Although the region has experienced its fair share of turmoil and bloodshed, the “revolution” Brás Cubas alludes to is probably fictitious.

103 - DISTRACTION

Lusiads: "Os Lusíadas," an epic poem by the Portuguese poet Luís de Camões, first published in 1572. The poem narrates the voyages of Vasco da Gama, particularly his pioneering route from Portugal to India, and is celebrated for blending historical events with mythological elements involving gods and other supernatural beings. "Os Lusíadas" is a cornerstone of Portuguese literature and a source of national pride, extolling the virtues and achievements of the Portuguese people during the Age of Discoveries.

Norma: An opera by the Italian composer Vincenzo Bellini. Premiered in 1831, “Norma” is considered a masterpiece of the bel canto genre, known especially for its beautiful and demanding arias. The opera's most famous aria, “Casta Diva,” is often performed as a standalone piece in concerts.

And God saw that it was good: a recurring phrase from the Book of Genesis in the Bible, specifically used in the creation narrative. It reflects God's approval of the various aspects of creation, including the separation of light from darkness, the gathering of waters, the emergence of plant life, and the creation of animals and humans.

104 - IT WAS HE!

108 - WHAT CAN’T BE UNDERSTOOD

Shakespearean tragedy: Many of the dramatic works by William Shakespeare are characterized by their somber themes, complex characters, and the inevitable downfall of the protagonist due to a fatal flaw.

109 - THE PHILOSOPHER

Saint John: Saint John the Baptist is a key biblical figure known for baptizing Jesus and preaching about repentance and the coming of the Messiah. In Brazilian culture, his feast day, celebrated on June 24th, is marked by the Festa Junina, a popular festival featuring traditional dances, foods, and bonfires. In the New Testament, he is depicted as leading an ascetic life, surviving on locusts and wild honey.

Pharisaism: The practices and attitudes of the Pharisees, a Jewish sect during the time of Jesus, known for strict adherence to the law and outward displays of piety, often criticized for hypocrisy.

Barbacena: A city in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Its history traces back to the early 18th century with the establishment of the Borda do Campo and Registro Velho farms by Garcia Rodrigues Paes Leme, created to support the Caminho Novo route connecting Rio de Janeiro to the Minas Gerais interior. In 1791, it was elevated to a town and municipality, named Barbacena in honor of the Viscount of Barbacena.

“The Greeks believed it sprang from a well”: This likely alludes to the oracle of Delphi, where the Pythia, the priestess of Apollo, would deliver prophecies. According to legend, her prophetic abilities were inspired by vapors or a spring within the temple.

112 - PUBLIC OPINION

115 - THE LUNCH

M. Prudhon: The chef at the Hotel Pharoux is likely a playful invention by Machado de Assis, inspired by the name of French philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865), a socialist and anarchist known for his work "What is Property?" (1840).

Véry: There is a famous restaurant called Café Véry in the Tuileries Garden in Paris, which may be the same one referred to by the narrator Brás Cubas. This café is also featured in the title of Eugène Labiche's play "Un garçon de chez Véry" (1850).

Véfour: In 1784, the fashionable Café de Chartres opened in the Palais Royal gardens. In 1820, under new owner Jean Véfour, it became the luxurious restaurant known as the best gastronomic address in Paris.

Count Molé: A prominent French statesman during the 19th century, serving multiple times as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and as Prime Minister of France. His political career was marked by efforts to balance power among Europe's leading states and maintain internal stability in France through moderate liberal policies.

Duke of la Rochefoucauld: The reference is not to the 17th-century Duke of La Rochefoucauld, author of the famous Maxims. It likely refers to François XIV, Duke of La Rochefoucauld (1794-1874), or his son, François XV (1818-1879), who also held the title.

Polka: Lively dance and music genre that originated in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) in the early 19th century. It quickly gained popularity across Europe and the Americas. In Brazilian culture, the polka influenced local music and dance styles, blending with native rhythms to create unique forms.

Tivoli: a generic term for "amusement park." The most famous is in Copenhagen, Denmark, frequented since 1834. In Camilo Castelo Branco's novel "A Brasileira de Prazins" (1882), there is a reference to a "Tívoli" amusement park in Porto, set in the 1840s. It's possible that such a park existed in Rio de Janeiro in the same decade, to which Brás Cubas alludes. The Tívoli park on the shores of Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas in Rio de Janeiro dates from the late 20th century.

The Foreigners’ Ball: A monthly ball held at the “Assembléia Estrangeira,” (The Foreigners’ Assembly) a private club for the elite, which was the first major society organizing balls in the city since 1835. Located in Largo do Valdetaro, near the current Museu da República in the Catete neighborhood, it was a prominent social venue until October 1845, when the Cassino Fluminense took over as the leading social gathering place.

Cassino: The Cassino Fluminense was an elegant club in mid-19th century Rio de Janeiro, one of the most important venues in the imperial capital. It hosted the main balls of the Court and was frequented by Emperor Dom Pedro II. Opened in 1845, it was located on Rua do Passeio, across from the Passeio Público, in a building that still exists today, near the current UFRJ School of Music.

116 - PHILOSOPHY OF OLD PAGES

Domitian: a Roman emperor from 81 to 96 AD known for his autocratic rule. He is depicted in Suetonius' “The Twelve Caesars” as a paranoid and tyrannical leader. One famous anecdote involves Domitian spending hours alone catching and stabbing flies with a pen, illustrating his cruelty and obsessive nature.

117 - HUMANITISM

Brahmanism: An ancient religious tradition in India that laid the foundation for modern Hinduism. It is based on the Vedas and emphasizes that all individuals are part of one universal essence, Brahman, the supreme, unchanging reality. This idea underscores the interconnectedness of all life.

Hercules: Known as Heracles in Greek mythology. The hero famed for his incredible strength and his Twelve Labors, a series of seemingly impossible tasks.

Edom: An ancient kingdom located south of the Dead Sea, mentioned frequently in the Bible. The Edomites, descendants of Esau, were often depicted as rivals of the Israelites.

Angola: Located on the southwest coast of Africa, Angola was a Portuguese colony from the 16th century until it gained independence in 1975. During the Atlantic slave trade, several harbors in Angola served as significant points for the trafficking of enslaved people.

119 - PARENTHESES

Botocudo: A generic name given by Portuguese colonizers to various indigenous groups belonging to the Macro-Jê linguistic family (non-Tupi), spread across different regions. Most individuals from these groups used distinctive lip and ear plugs, known as "botoques.". During the 19th century, they faced severe oppression and displacement due to colonial expansion.

120 - COMPELLE INTRARE

Jesus: Central figure of Christianity, believed by Christians to be the Son of God and the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament.

121 - DOWNHILL

Chapel on Livramento Hill: The Chapel of Livramento was part of the Livramento estate, which belonged to a traditional Portuguese family and was located on the Livramento Hill. Machado de Assis grew up on this hill and was baptized in this chapel.

Cajueiros: A specific area in the city of Rio de Janeiro, situated between the downtown area and the port zone, near the current headquarters of the Central do Brasil Railway.

Tostão: A tostão is roughly equivalent to 50 cents in today’s US dollars.

123 - THE REAL COTRIM

I wash my hands of it: This refers to the biblical account of Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, who symbolically washed his hands to show he did not want to be held responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus.

Calabouço: Calabouço (or dungeon) refers to a rugged, rocky outcrop extending into the waters of Guanabara Bay, located in the heart of Rio de Janeiro, where the National Historical Museum is presently situated. In the seventeenth century, this spot was strategically chosen by the Portuguese to construct a fort and a prison. The prison, specifically, was used to detain slaves who did not conform to the imposed rules and expectations.

126 - DISCONSOLATION

Yellow fever: This refers to the first outbreak of yellow fever in Rio de Janeiro, although the first recorded case of the disease in Brazil was in 1685, in Pernambuco. The first major epidemic in the capital of the Empire began when an American ship arrived in Salvador from New Orleans and Havana, infecting the ports and spreading along the entire Brazilian coast.

127 - FORMALITY

Constantinople: Known today as Istanbul. It was the capital of the Byzantine Empire and later the Ottoman Empire. Its rich history as a cultural and economic hub makes it a symbol of imperial grandeur and decline.

Contrary to an outdated and absurd notion, it is not the letter that kills; the letter gives life: This phrase is a playful reversal of the biblical expression “the letter kills, but the Spirit gives life” from 2 Corinthians 3:6.

Muhammad: The founder of Islam and a central figure in its teachings. His life and revelations, recorded in the Quran, have profoundly influenced history and culture.

129 - NO REMORSE

Achilles: A central figure in Homer's Iliad and the greatest Greek warrior in the Trojan War, known for his strength and near invincibility, save for his heel. In Homer's Iliad, Achilles, enraged by the death of his friend Patroclus, kills Hector and then dishonors his body by dragging it around the walls of Troy.

Lady Macbeth: In Shakespeare's play Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is tormented by guilt after urging her husband to murder King Duncan. She famously hallucinates a blood stain on her hands that she cannot wash away, symbolizing her deep remorse and the psychological consequences of her actions.

Priam: The king of Troy during the Trojan War. In Homer's Iliad, he bravely approaches Achilles to beg for the return of his son Hector's body.

131 - ON SLANDER

Stendahl’s passionate love: The reference is to the book “De l'amour” (1822) by Stendhal (1783-1842). In this work, the author identifies four types of love: passionate love, tasteful love, physical love, and love of vanity.

Queen of Navarre: Referring to Marguerite de Navarre (1492-1549), a Renaissance writer and patron of the arts known for her collection of stories, Heptameron (published posthumously in 1558-1559). In this work, she writes, “[...] il n´y a amour si secrette, qu´il ne soit sceue, ni petit chien si affaité et faict à la main, duquel on n´entend le japer,” which translates to, “[...] there is no love so secret that it does not become known, nor any little dog so trained and tamed that it does not bark.”

132 - NOT TO BE TAKEN SERIOUSLY

133 - HELVÉTIUS’S PRINCIPLE

Helvétius: Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715-1771) was a French philosopher known for his work "De l'Esprit" (On Mind), which argued that human behavior is determined by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain, and that education and society shape our morals and intellect. His materialistic and utilitarian views were controversial and influential in Enlightenment thought.

134 - FIFTY YEARS

135 - OBLIVION

An Englishman: The allusion is to a passage from Christian Morals, III, xxii (c. 1670, published only in 1716), by Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682). Machado's direct reference is likely Charles Lamb (1775-1834), who, in one of his Essays of Elia (1823), titled “My Relations,” quotes and adapts Browne's passage, including the use of the small caps typography that the author of Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas reproduces in the novel. Here is the passage to which Machado alludes: “We can have an idea of what it is to be forgotten, when we have lived long enough to find no one who remembers our father, or barely remembers our youthful friends, and when, rationally, we can see with what face, soon, oblivion will look upon us.”

Current reign: The reign of D. Pedro II, the second and last emperor of Brazil, ruling from 1831 to 1889.

Paraná ministry: Since Brás Cubas states he is fifty years old, this part of the story takes place in 1855. This aligns with the historical context of the “Cabinet of Conciliation” in Brazil, which was in power from September 6, 1853, until it was replaced by a conservative cabinet on May 4, 1857. Initially it was led by Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, the Marquis of Paraná.

Tempora mutantur: Latin for "times change." It is often part of the longer saying “tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis,” which means “times change, and we change with them.”

Saturn: It is no coincidence that the chosen planet is Saturn, named after the Roman god who corresponds to the Greek god Cronos, meaning Time.

137 - THE SHAKO

Philopoemen: A Greek general and statesman of the Hellenistic period, often hailed as the "last of the Greeks" for his efforts to revive the military prowess of the Achaean League. Known for his leadership, strategic skills, and dedication to Greek independence, he became a symbol of resilience and patriotism.

Hippocrates: An ancient Greek physician often regarded as the “Father of Medicine.” His teachings and ethical standards, encapsulated in the Hippocratic Oath, laid the foundation for modern medical practice. His emphasis on observation, diagnosis, and treatment revolutionized the approach to medicine.

140 - WHICH EXPLAINS THE PREVIOUS ONE

Voltaire:The pen name of François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher known for his wit, advocacy of civil liberties, and criticism of the established order. His works, including "Candide" and numerous essays, often satirized society, religion, and government, promoting reason, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state.

141 - THE DOGS

Engenho Velho: A historical neighborhood in the northern part of Rio de Janeiro, originally established in the 18th century by the Jesuits, who built two sugar mills there, named Engenho Velho (Old Mill) and Engenho Novo (New Mill). In 1759, the Jesuits were expelled from Portuguese territories by order of the Marquis of Pombal, and their lands were confiscated and divided into three parts: Engenho Velho, Engenho Novo, and São Cristovão. The central point of Engenho Velho was the Matriz de São Francisco Xavier, a church that still stands today. Over time, Engenho Velho evolved into what is now known as the Tijuca neighborhood.

142 - THE SECRET REQUEST

“What variety in a minuet!” as someone once said: This “someone” is François Marcel (d. 1759), a dancing master featured in Helvétius's essay “The Mind Relatively to Society” in De l’Esprit (1758). In the first English translation, Helvétius describes Marcel observing a young lady dance and exclaiming, “What variety in a minuet!”

Forerunner: Or John the Baptist, a key biblical figure known for baptizing Jesus and preaching about repentance and the coming of the Messiah. In Brazilian culture, his feast day, celebrated on June 24th, is marked by the Festa Junina, a popular festival featuring traditional dances, foods, and bonfires. In the New Testament, he is depicted as leading an ascetic life, surviving on locusts and wild honey.

Ezekiel: In the Book of Ezekiel in the Bible, the prophet Ezekiel is commanded by God to eat a scroll. This act symbolizes Ezekiel internalizing God's words, so he can speak them to the people of Israel. The scroll, described as sweet as honey, represents the divine message that Ezekiel must deliver, despite the difficulties and judgments it contains.

Escadinhas Alley: The alley of the little stairs. It was lost during the construction of the city's port. It began at the sea and ended at Rua da Saúde, directly opposite its continuation in Livramento hill, which still exists.

Misericórdia Hospital: The Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro is a general hospital founded in 1582 by Jesuit priest José de Anchieta. Located on Rua de Santa Luzia near Largo da Misericórdia, it has a longstanding mission to care for the needy.

Pascal: The French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal famously wrote, “Mais, quand l’univers l’écraserait, l’homme serait encore plus noble que ce qui le tue, puisqu’il sait qu’il meurt, et l’avantage que l’univers a sur lui, l’univers n’en sait rien.” This translates to, "But when the universe crushes him, man would still be more noble than that which kills him, since he knows he dies, and the universe knows nothing of the advantage it has over him.” Pascal highlights the unique human awareness of mortality and the intellectual dignity it confers, even in the face of the vast, indifferent universe.

143 - I WON’T GO

144 - RELATIVE UTILITY

145 - MERE REPETITION

146 - THE CHARTER

Guizot: François Guizot (1787–1874) was a prominent French historian, politician, and statesman. He played a significant role during the July Monarchy, serving as Prime Minister under King Louis-Philippe. Guizot was known for his conservative policies and emphasis on constitutional monarchy, as well as for his substantial contributions to historical scholarship.

Ledru-Rollin: Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin (1807–1874) was a French lawyer, politician, and one of the key figures in the French Revolution of 1848. Known for his strong advocacy of social democracy and universal suffrage, he played a significant role in the establishment of the Second Republic. Ledru-Rollin served as Minister of the Interior in the provisional government and was instrumental in organizing the national elections that led to the creation of the French Republic.

Even if the sun and the moon were to oppose me now, I would not waver in my convictions: According to Charles Mills's book, which Machado de Assis had in his library in French translation (“Histoire du Mahométanisme contenant la vie et les traits du caractère du prophète árabe”), Muhammad responded to a relative trying to dissuade him from his religious goals with the statement: “Non, quand le soleil se montrerait contre moi, à ma main droite, et la lune à ma gauche, je ne rénoncerais point à mes desseins.” (“No, even if the sun were to oppose me on my right hand and the moon on my left, I would not abandon my purposes.”)

147 - FOOLISHNESS

148 - THE INSOLUBLE PROBLEM

Navy Arsenal: The Arsenal de Marinha do Rio de Janeiro, the main maintenance center of the Brazilian Navy, is located on Cobras Island within Guanabara Bay. Established in 1763 at the base of São Bento Hill in downtown Rio de Janeiro, it was originally intended to repair Portuguese Navy ships.

149 - THEORY OF BENEFITS

Erasmus: Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, and theologian, renowned for his scholarly works and for promoting intellectual exchange and religious reform. Praise of Folly is his seminal work, written in 1509. This satirical essay criticizes the superstitions and corrupt practices of the Catholic Church and society. Erasmus uses “Folly” as a character who praises herself, highlighting the foolishness inherent in human institutions.

150 - ROTATION AND TRANSLATION

His days, as unequal as those of Jupiter: This refers to the discovery by the astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini that the length of a day on Jupiter varies between its poles and equator. This phenomenon is due to the planet's rapid rotation and its gaseous composition, which causes differential rotation: the equator rotates faster than the poles.

152 - VESPASIAN’S COIN

Vespasian’s coin: This refers to a famous saying attributed to the Roman Emperor Vespasian, “Pecunia non olet,” which means “Money does not stink.” This phrase arose when Vespasian imposed a tax on public urinals in Rome, and his son Titus criticized the source of the revenue. In response, Vespasian held a coin to Titus’s nose and asked whether the money smelled bad, illustrating that the value of money is not tainted by its origin.

153 - THE ALIENIST

Nabob: This originally referred to a wealthy and influential person, especially a European who made a fortune in India during the British colonial period. The term comes from “nawab,” a title for Muslim rulers in India, and it came to symbolize opulence and power gained abroad.

Archbishop of Canterbury: The senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, as well as the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. This position has historically wielded significant religious and political influence in England.

Petrópolis: A city in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro. In 1843, Emperor Pedro II signed a decree for the establishment of a settlement and the construction of a summer palace, fulfilling the dream of his father, Emperor Pedro I. During the Second Empire, the city became the summer capital of the Empire, gaining significant political relevance as it served as a retreat for prominent figures such as the Barons of Mauá and Rio Branco, and the emperor himself, who sometimes stayed in Petrópolis for up to five months.

154 - THE SHIPS OF PIRAEUS

Athenian maniac: This refers to a historical anecdote about an individual in ancient Athens who believed that all ships arriving at the port of Piraeus belonged to him. This story is found in various authors' works, the earliest being Lucian of Samosata (2nd century AD) in “The Ship, or The Wishes.” The rhetorician Claudius Aelian (3rd century AD) retells the story, naming the maniac Thrasyllus, in “Varia Historia” (Book IV, Anecdote 25, "On the Remarkable Madness of Thrasyllus"). The Portuguese poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524-1580) addresses the theme in “Oitavas ao desconcerto do mundo,” referring to the maniac as Trasilau. Michel de Montaigne, in his “Essays” (Book II, Chapter xii), also calls him Thrasyllus. Xavier de Maistre (1763-1852), in “Voyage Around My Room” (Chapter 37), mentions this character as “a certain Athenian.”

Diogenes: Diogenes of Sinope (c. 412-323 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and one of the most famous figures of Cynicism. Known for his ascetic lifestyle and sharp wit, Diogenes famously lived in a large ceramic jar (often mistranslated as a "barrel") in Athens and rejected societal conventions and material wealth. He is often depicted holding a lantern in daylight, claiming to be searching for an honest man.

155 - A HEARTFELT REFLECTION

156 - PRIDE IN SERVILITY

157 - BRILLIANT PHASE

Lay Brotherhood: Ordens Terceiras (Third Orders) are associations of lay Catholics connected to traditional religious orders such as the Franciscans, Carmelites, and Dominicans. These orders spread throughout the Americas during the colonial period and played a significant role in the social life of Portuguese and Spanish America.

Buddha’s nirvana: Buddha's nirvana refers to the ultimate state of liberation and freedom from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (samsara) in Buddhist belief. Achieving nirvana means attaining a profound peace and enlightenment, free from desire, suffering, and individual ego. Not something Quincas Borba seems to aspire to.

158 - TWO ENCOUNTERS

159 - PARTIAL INSANITY

Antiphons: Short liturgical chants used in Christian worship, typically as responses or refrains. They are often sung or recited before and after psalms or canticles, particularly during the Liturgy of the Hours and the Mass. Antiphons enhance the communal and responsive nature of the liturgy, reflecting the dialogue between the congregation and the divine.

160 - ON THE NEGATIVES

Earn my bread with the sweat of my brow: A phrase derived from the Bible, specifically from Genesis 3:19, where God tells Adam that he will have to work hard for his food after being expelled from the Garden of Eden. It signifies the necessity of hard work and labor to sustain oneself.